As the snowflakes gently fall on Quebec’s landscape in late November, a foot of white blanket already wraps around the region. Our pantry is well-stocked with an abundance of home-grown and foraged delights, but we’re not ones to stop foraging just because winter has arrived. In fact, there are many edible treasures that can be coaxed from nature’s winter bounty. Here are 22 plants you can forage during the cold months, spanning a variety of options including nuts and seeds, fruit, and fungi.
Plants and Trees
While herbaceous plants typically shed their leaves or succumb to winter’s chill, many still cling to life by retaining fruits on their branches. This season also presents an opportunity to unearth edible and medicinal roots that can be harvested for use. In contrast, trees exhibit a greater diversity in their winter foraging potential, with both deciduous and coniferous species offering possibilities for exploration, dependent on your geographical location.
Rose Hips (Rosa spp.)
In many regions, wild roses are a common sight. But did you know that they’re just as likely to thrive during the harsh winter months? Even beneath layers of snow, rosehips can be found clinging tenaciously to the vines. These tiny fruits are more than just a pretty face – they’re also a rich source of vitamin C. And when consumed in tea, jam, jelly, or even dried into a powder, their flavor is truly delightful.
Stinging Nettles (Urtica spp.)
The tenacity of nettles is well-documented – they’re notorious for being difficult to eradicate once established. However, this same stubbornness makes them an exceptional choice for winter foraging. In my experience, I’ve often found myself digging into the snow only to discover nettles growing just above the soil line, their persistence allowing them to thrive even in harsh conditions.
Wintergreen (Gaultheria spp.)
Wintergreen shrubs, characterized by their low-growing and evergreen nature, can be found worldwide. Notably, their leaves possess a distinctive, minty fragrance that has been utilized in medicinal applications for centuries. Moreover, some species of wintergreen also produce edible fruits, further emphasizing their importance in various ecosystems.
To explore the possibility of finding these plants near you, conduct research on the specific wintergreen species that are native to your region or may be found in your area. Additionally, take note of which tree species they often coexist with.
Once you have this information, venture outside during winter when snow is present and gently brush away the layer of white covering the ground.
This simple yet effective method will allow you to check if any of these fascinating plants are growing beneath the snow’s blanket, waiting to be discovered.
Sunchokes (Helianthus tuberosus)
While sunchokes can be challenging to unearth from frozen soil, the promise of a satisfying meal can drive us to persevere. As members of the sunflower family, their above-ground structures can reach impressive heights of up to 10 feet, transforming into sturdy canes during winter that stand out starkly against even the deepest snowdrifts.
To successfully extract the edible tubers, start by clearing away any surface snow, then use a pickaxe or other digging tool to carefully break through the frozen earth beneath. As you dig, keep an eye out for the knotted tubers, which will contrast vividly with the dark soil, making them easier to spot and harvest.
Pine Needles and Bark Cambium (Pinus spp.)
Pine trees may not be the first plants that come to mind when foraging in winter, but they’re surprisingly versatile. The needles can be brewed into tea or dried and used as flour in baked goods. However, it’s essential to note that some pine species have abortifacient properties, so pregnant women or those trying to conceive should avoid consuming pine products.
Fir needles (Abies spp.) share similar uses with pine and have a milder flavor profile.
They’re less resinous than other conifers, making them a great option for culinary exploration. When harvesting fir needles, be cautious and follow the identifying characteristic: flat and friendly leaves. However, it’s crucial to differentiate between fir trees and poisonous species like yew, whose leaves also appear flat but can be deadly if ingested.
Spruce (Picea spp.)
To incorporate spruce into your daily routine, consider using its needles to brew a soothing tea, much like you would with pine or fir. For a more indulgent treat, explore the delightful world of spruce beer – a non-alcoholic soda that’s perfect for sipping during the holiday season. If you’re feeling adventurous, you can even find store-bought versions at Canadian grocery retailers or try your hand at brewing your own spruce beer at home!
Cedar (Cedrus spp.)
For centuries, indigenous cultures have relied on the medicinal properties of cedar tea, a natural remedy that has been shown to offer impressive health benefits. Rich in vitamin C, cedar tea is particularly effective at preventing scurvy and supporting immune function. Its warm, anti-inflammatory compounds also help alleviate symptoms of colds and flu, making it a valuable addition to any winter wellness routine.
To brew a soothing cup of cedar tea, simply simmer 1/2 cup of fresh cedar leaves in 4 cups of water for 15 minutes. Once steeped, you can add your preferred sweetener – if desired.
Birch Bark Cambium (Betula spp.)
When working with inner birch bark, it’s essential to process it in a similar manner to pine cambium – simply dry and pulverize the material. The resulting flavor is earthy and rich, with subtle notes of minty sweetness. While harvesting birch bark can be tempting, it’s crucial to prioritize sustainability and avoid damaging living trees. Instead, consider collecting bark from fallen trees after they’ve been cut for firewood.
Once harvested, remove the cambium layer and scrape out any remaining material, leaving you with a usable and flavorful ingredient.
Burdock Root (Arctium spp.)
Despite being dormant during the winter months, burdock plants can still be identified by their tall stalks, covered with velcro-like burrs that have a remarkable tendency to cling to almost anything. With a few simple steps, you can harvest these unwanted visitors from your hair and dig up the long, edible taproot beneath. This versatile root can be prepared and consumed in much the same way as a potato or turnip, making it an attractive addition to a variety of dishes.
In fact, pickled burdock roots have gained popularity in Japanese and Korean cuisine, where they’re often julienned and added to kimchi or pickled to perfection for use in sushi rolls.
Cattail Roots (Typha spp.)
For those with access to nearby wetlands, cattail roots can be harvested as a nutritious and flavorful addition to their winter diet. These starchy roots are not only edible on their own but also lend themselves well to being cooked and transformed into flour. This versatile ingredient has been a staple in the diets of First Nations peoples for centuries, providing a reliable source of sustenance during the cold winter months.
Usnea (Usnea spp.)
When venturing out to forage in the winter, keep usnea in mind as a valuable addition to your harvest. This fruticose lichen is renowned for its medicinal properties and stands out from other plants due to its ease of detection amidst the winter landscape, where dense foliage is minimal. Usnea can be found growing on dead or dying coniferous trees across North America and Europe, making it a great find for foragers in these regions.
Additionally, it may also thrive on the bark of walnut, apple/crabapple, hickory, or oak trees that are showing signs of decline.
Nuts and Seeds You Can Forage in the Winter
When embarking on a winter foraging adventure, it’s essential to broaden your scope beyond just live plants. The season is teeming with edible treasures that remain accessible even after the initial foliage has withered away. Many species of plants and trees retain their nutty and seedy offerings, providing a bounty of sustenance for the resourceful forager.
Pine Nuts (Pinus spp.)
When it comes to pine cones, many people are familiar with gathering them for decorative purposes. However, what’s often overlooked is that these cones are filled with edible seeds, commonly referred to as ‘pine nuts’. These nuts can be consumed raw or cooked and incorporated into a variety of dishes, including pesto. While this may seem like a tasty treat, it’s essential to exercise caution when foraging for pine nuts.
Some species of pines, such as Norfolk Island pines, Lodgepole pines, and Ponderosa pines, are toxic to humans. To avoid harming yourself or your loved ones, it’s crucial to properly identify the Pinus species growing near you before harvesting their seeds.
Acorns (Quercus spp.)
For those with the time and patience to process acorns, consider adding them to your foraging repertoire. While autumn is generally the best season to find acorns, winter can be a viable option in areas that receive minimal snowfall. In regions with heavy snowfall, however, it’s essential to dig through the layer of white to uncover hidden acorn caches under leaf bracken. The payoff is worth the effort, as properly leached acorns can be quite flavorful.
That being said, winter-gathered acorns can be a gamble. To avoid disappointment, inspect each find carefully. If you notice even the slightest hole on the exterior of the acorn, it’s best to leave it for the squirrels. These imperfections indicate worm infestation, rendering the acorn inedible.
Black Walnuts (Juglans nigra)
If you’re fortunate enough to have black walnut trees in your vicinity, take advantage of the bounty by foraging for their edible nuts during the colder months. Yes, you may encounter some feisty squirrels vying for the same prize, but with a little persistence and strategy, you might just emerge victorious. Just be prepared for a possible squirrel uprising if they decide to gang up on you!
Beech Nuts (Fagus spp.)
While beechnuts may not be as abundant as they once were, they’re still a valuable find for any forager. If you’re lucky enough to have these trees growing nearby, make it a point to venture out and scour the area – even on cold and snowy days. The process of leaching tannins from the nuts is similar to that of acorns, but the end result is well worth the effort. The sweet, earthy flavor of roasted beechnuts is a true delight.
Curly Dock Seeds (Rumex crispus)
The edible seeds of Rumex crispus plants are a treasure trove of flavor and nutrition. When the seasons change and snow covers the ground, these dark brown seeds can be easily spotted poking above the frost. If local wildlife hasn’t already claimed them as their own, you can harvest them with ease. Once collected, a light roasting or toasting is all it takes to dry them out and unlock their culinary potential.
These versatile seeds can be added to baked goods, cooked into porridge, or ground into flour for use in various recipes. Pancakes, for instance, are a delicious option when mixed with other flours. However, it’s essential to note that these seeds, like their buckwheat cousins, possess a natural bitterness. To balance this out and create palatable treats, consider pairing them with sweeteners like honey or maple syrup.
Fungi
While many people associate foraging with the warmer months, there’s no reason why you can’t find delicious and edible fungi even during the chillier winter days. The availability of certain species largely depends on your location – a factor that can greatly impact the diversity and abundance of winter forage options.
Velvet Shank Mushrooms (Flammulina filiformis)
Are you surrounded by oak, ash, willow, or elm trees? If so, take a closer look for the velvety-textured Flammulina velutipes mushrooms, also known as wild enoki. These ‘shroomies are not only delectable but also boast numerous health benefits. Native to Europe, the UK, and North America, they can be found scattered throughout these regions. However, it’s crucial to accurately identify them, as some lookalike species may be toxic and lack their earthy flavor.
Turkey Tail Mushrooms (Trametes versicolor)
While they may not be the most palatable options for winter foraging, certain species of mushrooms possess remarkable medicinal properties. Rich in antioxidants and possessing natural immune-boosting qualities, these fungi also contain polysaccharide K – a compound used globally as an adjunct therapy for cancer treatment.
Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)
While winter’s chill may vary in intensity depending on your location, it’s not uncommon for oyster mushrooms to make an appearance. These delectable wild edibles thrive on dead or decaying hardwood trees like oak, aspen, birch, and beech species. Native to North America and parts of Europe, they’re one of the most widely distributed wild edible fungi you can forage.
However, it’s essential to educate yourself thoroughly before attempting to identify them in the wild, ensuring a safe and successful foraging experience.
Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)
If you’re fortunate enough to reside in a region where birch trees thrive, take advantage of the opportunity to forage for chaga. This highly valued fungus is found exclusively on birch tree species and has been revered by Scandinavian and Slavic cultures for its remarkable healing properties. The scientific community is now validating the efficacy of chaga in treating cancer, a testament to its centuries-old reputation as a natural remedy.
[3,4] While I personally prefer winter as the ideal season for chaga foraging, not only do the cold temperatures make it more visible but also facilitate the process of removing it from the tree when it’s frozen.
Reishi (Ganoderma spp.)
The ‘mushroom of immortality’ has garnered significant attention for its profound medicinal properties. For centuries, it has been employed in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, with ongoing research endeavoring to unlock its full potential.
Use Caution
When exploring the world of edible or medicinal plants, it’s crucial to exercise caution and thoroughness. Before foraging or ingesting any plant-based material, conduct exhaustive research to identify potential contraindications with pharmaceuticals you’re currently taking, as well as common allergens. For instance, someone allergic to buckwheat may react to curly dock, while individuals with mildew allergies should steer clear of chaga and reishi mushrooms.
When in doubt, consult an experienced forager or take a small sample for self-testing to gauge your reaction. Everyone responds differently, so it’s essential to prioritize caution and use common sense. When venturing out into the winter wilderness, don’t forget to bundle up warmly and take necessary precautions – foraging is far more enjoyable when you’re not shivering with cold.
References:
A comprehensive review of existing research reveals a fascinating convergence of findings on the potential therapeutic applications of certain mushrooms in cancer treatment. The pioneering work of Stegelmeier et al. (1996) demonstrated the toxic and abortifacient effects of ponderosa pine, laying the groundwork for further exploration of the botanicals’ properties. Standish et al.
‘s (2008) study on Trametes versicolor mushroom immune therapy in breast cancer marked a significant milestone, highlighting the organism’s potential as a complementary treatment approach. Building upon this foundation, Lee et al.’s (2021) discovery of chaga mushroom extract’s ability to induce autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells offers promising insights into its therapeutic capabilities. Furthermore, Géry et al.
‘s (2018) investigation into the cytotoxicity of chaga against human lung adenocarcinoma cells and bronchial epithelial cells underscores the fungus’s potential as a future medicinal agent in oncology.
