The idea of having a yard or barnyard transformed into a muddy mess, with water streams flowing everywhere, is unappealing to many. Erosion control is crucial in preventing this scenario. Unchecked erosion leads to the loss of topsoil and nutrients, as well as the formation of unsightly gulleys and ditches. Rain, wind, and grazing animals can all contribute to soil exposure. While there are numerous plants that claim to aid in erosion control, not all are suitable for the task.
Non-native species may become invasive or struggle to thrive in the soil at a critical moment. In contrast, utilizing native plants for erosion control offers a natural and safe solution to prevent soil washing away.
Why Native Plants
When it comes to erosion control, native plants are a top choice. Not only do they require less maintenance than non-native species, but they’ve also evolved to coexist with the local wildlife. This means that birds and butterflies will flock to areas featuring native plantings. When selecting native plants for erosion control, prioritize those that are indigenous to your region and well-suited to your local climate.
The added bonus is that these plants tend to outcompete weeds, which can quickly take over in eroded soil. For a reliable resource on finding suitable native plant species, turn to your county extension office.
Native Groundcovers
When dealing with eroded areas adjacent to structures like buildings, trees, or patios, it’s essential to select plants that thrive in low-growing conditions. While English Ivy is a common choice for shady slopes due to its ability to quickly cover the ground, there are several excellent native alternatives available.
Anemone
This spreading perennial, known for its ability to form dense colonies, is a popular choice among gardeners. In the spring, it produces an abundance of sweet-scented flowers that attract a variety of pollinators and butterflies. Its preference for wetlands and moist areas makes it well-suited for inclusion in water gardens or areas with poor drainage. Native to Canada, this species can also be found as far south as Tennessee, making it a versatile option for gardeners across North America.
Wild Ginger
In the realm of botany, Canadian wild ginger – also known simply as wild ginger – boasts a unique profile that sets it apart from other plants. This broad-leafed evergreen thrives in shaded environments, typically growing low to the ground and spreading outwards. Its natural range encompasses the eastern half of the United States, where indigenous communities have long recognized its value for culinary purposes.
Notably, wild ginger has been utilized as a spice, adding depth and warmth to various dishes, while its edible roots are also considered a delicacy.
Allegheny Spurge
A unique feature of Allegheny spurge, commonly referred to as mountain spurge, lies in its adaptability to thrive under deep shade conditions. Moreover, it exhibits a preference for a consistently moist environment. Notably, this plant showcases delicate yet fragrant white flowers and features glossy toothed leaves that add to its aesthetic appeal.
Creeping Phlox
With its delicate pink and purple blooms bursting forth in the spring, creeping phlox – also referred to as ground phlox – has earned itself a reputation as a beloved groundcover. Its unique characteristic lies not only in its vibrant floral displays but also in its ability to retain some of its foliage year-round, making it a semi-evergreen option for gardeners seeking low-maintenance yet visually appealing solutions.
Kinnikinnick
On the west coast, kinnikinnick or bearberry is a ubiquitous evergreen that requires patience to establish itself. However, with time, it develops into a dense and sprawling groundcover, producing abundant red berries that provide sustenance for local wildlife. Thriving in full sun, this versatile shrub is well-suited for areas receiving direct sunlight.
Violets
When it comes to selecting violets, you’ll find numerous species to choose from. For guidance on a native variety that thrives in your region, consult with your local extension office or nearby nursery. As these charming flowers spread out, they form a dense carpet and produce delectable violet blooms that not only add beauty to your landscape but also serve as a vital food source for various butterfly species.
Tall Native Plants
For those seeking a solution that’s slightly more substantial than groundcover, these options offer an attractive compromise between visual appeal and functional purposes.
Big Leaf Aster
Both the pearl crescent and silvery checkerspot butterflies, as well as honey bees, have a special affinity for the host plant that is the big leaf aster. This versatile plant produces stunning violet flowers in late summer and into the fall, making it a popular choice among west coast residents who opt for the Coast aster variety.
Ostrich Fern
When it comes to controlling erosion in wet, shady areas, certain plants can be particularly effective. Among these, the ostrich fern is a natural fit, as it’s commonly found in the woodland environments of northern forests. Other options include the cinnamon fern and royal fern, all of which have been shown to be successful in mitigating soil erosion.
Big Bluestem
Bluestem is a prominent perennial grass species native to the northern regions and the vast expanse of the Great Plains. When planted on inclines, such as hilltops or slopes, it flourishes. However, a notable caveat exists: if you’re a rancher with cattle, be aware that these ruminant animals have a peculiar fondness for this very grass.
Sedge
Sedges, a vast family of grasses, span the globe from Greenland to South Africa, with numerous native species found in the United States, including Pennsylvania, Appalachian, and Plantain leaf sedge. Characterized by rhizomatous roots, these hardy plants excel at erosion control, making them an invaluable asset for maintaining healthy ecosystems. Furthermore, they serve as a vital seed source for wildlife, attracting birds and other fauna to their habitats.
Spring Ephemerals
Spring’s early risers, such as daffodils, are classified as spring ephemerals. These herbaceous plants thrive in forested areas, where they burst forth with leaves and blooms before the trees’ own awakening. Their unique characteristic is that they grow in colonies, making them an excellent choice for soil stabilization, particularly on hilly or shaded terrain.
Additionally, planting them alongside other perennials allows for a seamless transition when the ephemerals eventually die back, permitting another plant to take their place. When it comes to native plants for erosion control, consider the following spring ephemeral options.
Daffodils
While daffodils aren’t native to this region, I’m willing to make an exception due to their numerous benefits. These cheerful flowers are incredibly easy to cultivate and provide a welcome splash of color in early spring. Their adaptability is another major plus – they can thrive in a variety of environments, from sunny yards to shaded woodlands, and even on hilly slopes. What’s more, daffodils have the added advantage of being natural deterrents for pests like gophers and moles.
As an added bonus, they’re not only easy to care for but also form beautiful colonies as they spread. Their robust root system makes them a valuable asset in erosion control, and their non-invasive nature means you don’t have to worry about them taking over.
Ramps
This springtime delicacy, also known as wild leak, is a versatile crop that serves multiple purposes. Its unique ability to thrive under deciduous trees allows it to bask in early spring sunlight before retreating to shade when temperatures rise. Native to eastern regions of the United States, ramps are particularly well-suited for growth east of the Mississippi River. Not only do they excel at controlling erosion naturally, but both their roots and leaves are also edible.
When harvesting, be mindful to leave one leaf per plant intact, as this will allow the plant to continue thriving and produce future crops.
Camas
The western camas flower is a stunning find in moist meadows, where it flourishes with ease. Its adaptability extends to various yard settings, from flat terrain to gently sloping hills. This low-maintenance beauty also plays host to beneficial insects, further enhancing its appeal. What’s more, Camas has a rich cultural significance as an edible bulb. Native Americans relied heavily on it as a staple food source, which was later introduced to Lewis and Clark during their expedition.
The bulbs can be enjoyed roasted or boiled, making for a simple yet satisfying culinary experience.
Claytonia
If you’re struggling to find a plant that can thrive in the shaded spot under your walnut tree, consider Claytonia – also known as springbeauty. This hardy perennial is uniquely resistant to juglone, the chemical produced by walnut trees that inhibits many other plants from growing. Not only will it tolerate these conditions with ease, but its edible leaves and stems make it a valuable addition to any garden or foraging enthusiast’s repertoire.
Special Situations
New Buildings
As you step into your newly built dream home, it’s hard not to be impressed by its beauty. But the surrounding land, unfortunately, is a muddy mess left over from the construction process. It’s tempting to rush out and grab some generic seeds at the hardware store, thinking that’ll solve the problem. However, taking a more thoughtful approach could yield far better results.
By planting native grasses specifically designed for erosion control, you can proactively tackle any future issues and create a more sustainable outdoor space.
Preventing Erosion on a Septic Field
When installing plants near a septic field, it’s crucial to prioritize caution. Opt for compact, low-growing vegetation that won’t interfere with the system’s functionality. Avoid planting trees or shrubs, as their extensive root systems can cause damage and compromise the system’s performance. Native perennials that propagate through reseeding or runner formation are excellent choices.
By transforming your septic field into a wildflower meadow, you’ll not only add visual appeal but also provide sustenance for pollinators and birds.
Large Areas or Pastures
When dealing with large areas of land affected by erosion, planting a tree grove can be an effective solution. Trees are incredibly efficient at absorbing and transpiring water from the soil, releasing it into the atmosphere through evaporation. Additionally, their deep roots can stabilize multiple layers of soil and rock, providing long-term benefits for soil health. Not only do trees offer this practical advantage, but they also create a shaded canopy that shields the area from damaging winds.
For regions like the west coast, suitable tree species include Western red cedar, Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, red alder, Sitka alder, and quaking aspen. Shrubs such as spicebush, western redbud, mountain mahogany, western elderberry, and mock orange can also thrive in this environment. For the Midwest and Northeast, sycamore, dogwoods (including native varieties like Cornus florida or Cornus racemose), winterberry, and buttonbush are suitable options.
When selecting dogwood species, be sure to opt for non-invasive varieties to prevent potential ecological impacts.
Erosion Around Creeks
While having a creek flowing through your fields can be a blessing for livestock and irrigation, it also brings some challenges. For instance, cattle and horses tend to trample the banks with their large hooves, causing erosion and damage to the surrounding area. Moreover, they often use the creek as a dumping ground for their waste, further polluting the water. This is not only a problem for the landowner but also poses environmental concerns for those downstream.
To address these issues, there are various grants available from organizations like the USDA and local extension offices that can help you develop a plan to mitigate erosion and promote a healthy stream. When it comes to landscaping around streams, certain plants are better suited than others. Trees and shrubs such as black willows, white oaks, buttonbush, swamp rose, and bald cypress thrive in these environments.
Additionally, smaller plants like fox sedge, rose mallow, cardinal flower, and swamp milkweed appreciate the unique conditions of a wetland environment.
Getting Plants Established
When your yard has been affected by erosion for some time, it’s essential to take corrective action to restore a plant-friendly environment. The erosion process has likely depleted the topsoil of its nutrient-rich content. To rectify this, begin by amending the soil during a dry spell. Incorporate compost, leaf litter, and peat moss into the earth to reinvigorate it. Next, apply a substantial layer of heavy mulch, such as wood chips, to help stabilize the soil.
However, be aware that a heavy rain may wash away the wood chips before your plants have a chance to establish themselves. As an alternative, consider using an erosion control blanket, which can be found in natural straw form at most big-box stores. While these blankets do eventually biodegrade, it may take some time. You can also opt for burlap as a more eco-friendly option. Regardless of the method you choose, make sure to create openings and plant your transplants.
Gently firm the soil around their roots and water thoroughly to aid in their establishment.
