Dogwoods showcase remarkable diversity in terms of size, hue, and silhouette. Some varieties boast delicate pink petals or vibrant orange blooms, while others are distinguished by striking red bark that adds a pop of color during winter months. These versatile plants can thrive as either large shrubs or small trees. For those seeking smaller specimens, there are compact shrub options that make excellent border plants. The breathtaking spring displays and edible fruits only add to their appeal.
Prior to delving into the specifics of cultivating dogwood trees, it’s worth highlighting some of the most prominent types available.
Varieties of Dogwoods
With over 45 species to choose from, Cornus – commonly referred to as dogwoods – offer a diverse range of blooming shrubs and trees perfect for adding a splash of color to your garden. Among these varieties, Cornelian cherries, kousa (or Japanese), native flowering types, and Pacific dogwoods are popular choices for home gardens. When it comes to growing conditions, dogwoods thrive in USDA Growing Zones.
If you’re looking to bring some beauty to your outdoor space, let’s explore the many options available when it comes to growing dogwood trees.
Japanese Dogwood
Kousa, also known as Japanese dogwood (Cornus kousa), is a tree that puts on an impressive display of colors throughout the year. In early spring, it produces pink or white bracts that resemble leaves, covering the tree’s trunk and branches. As the seasons progress, star-like flowers emerge, followed by a striking bright red foliage in the fall. This deciduous tree is native to parts of East Asia, including Korea and Japan, but has gained popularity globally among dogwood enthusiasts.
Growing up to 30 feet tall with a rounded growth habit featuring layered, alternating branches, kousa trees thrive in full sun although they can tolerate some afternoon shade. They are also cold- and drought-resistant, making them less susceptible to diseases than some North American native species.
Several cultivars of kousa dogwood stand out for their unique characteristics.
‘Miss Satomi’ boasts spring-blooming dark pink blossoms followed by purplish-red fruit, growing up to 15 feet tall. ‘Gold Star’ features variegated foliage with yellow splotches, adding a touch of whimsy to the garden. ‘Stellar Pink’ takes it a step further with pink bracts in the spring rather than the traditional white.
Cornelian Cherry
Cornus mas stands out from other species in the genus with its long leaves and bright yellow blossoms. Its early spring bloom is followed by the ripening of olive-sized, edible fruits that turn a deep red hue. This tree provides year-round interest, boasting striking peeling bark during winter, vibrant bracts and flowers in spring, lush foliage and fruiting canopies in summer, and reddish-purple leaf tones in autumn.
As for size, Cornus mas typically reaches maturity at around 15 feet tall, although the ‘Nana’ cultivar is a compact version that tops out at just three feet. Two other notable varieties are ‘Alba’, which features white fruits, and ‘Aurea’, boasting golden leaves.
Pacific Dogwood
Pacific dogwoods (Cornus nuttallii) are a staple along the North American Pacific Coast, where they thrive as both wild native plants and cultivated garden features. One of their most notable characteristics is their impressive size – some specimens can reach towering heights of up to 65 feet tall, with vibrant fall foliage that’s hard to miss. Additionally, these trees have adapted to grow in a range of conditions, including shaded areas and soil that’s prone to waterlogging.
However, despite their hardiness, Pacific dogwoods are facing a significant threat: the invasive fungus Discula destructive has been causing widespread decline among both native populations and cultivated trees. As a result, anyone growing these beautiful plants needs to be aware of this insidious disease. When it comes to cultivars, ‘Gold Spot’ stands out with its striking yellow and green foliage, paired with large white blooms.
Meanwhile, ‘North Star’ takes the fall foliage game to new heights with its brilliant red leaves and larger-than-average flowers.
Common Dogwood
Common dogwoods (Cornus sanguinea), native to Asia and Europe, are shrubby plants that can grow up to 15 feet in height. Characterized by their striking bright red stems and branches, they’re also known as bloodtwig bushes. As the wood matures, it takes on a green hue. For smaller homesteads or those with limited space, the ‘Midwinter Fire’ cultivar is an excellent option. This compact variety reaches only six feet in height, boasting particularly vibrant red twigs.
In the spring, white flowers create a beautiful contrast against the bright red stems.
Giant Dogwood
Giant dogwoods (Cornus controversy) are striking trees that can reach impressive heights of up to 50 feet tall and half as wide. Native to Asia, they burst forth with bright white blossoms in early spring. Among these majestic specimens is ‘Variegata’, also known as the wedding cake tree. This cultivar grows to a slightly more modest height of around 30 feet, but its charm lies in its intricate foliage.
In the spring, masses of white flowers emerge, accompanied by leaves with vibrant green and creamy white stripes. As fall arrives, these same leaves transform into a warm shade of yellow, adding an extra layer of visual interest to this already stunning tree. The ‘June Snow’ cultivar takes the prize for autumnal drama, boasting striking red and orange hues that add a pop of color to the landscape.
Planting Dogwoods
When it comes to planting dogwood trees, timing is crucial. While they can thrive in both fall and early spring, it’s essential to consider the temperature fluctuations that come with these seasons. The leaves of this beautiful tree are surprisingly sensitive to heat, making them prone to burning if exposed to direct sunlight during hot summer days. As a result, it’s best to plant your dogwood in partial shade or provide afternoon shade through the use of awnings, umbrellas, or trellises.
Avoid planting your dogwood in the midst of a scorching summer, as this can be detrimental to its establishment. Instead, opt for a partially shaded area that receives gentle morning sunlight and protection from intense midday rays. With time, patience, and proper care, your tree will flourish, eventually producing stunning flowers that are sure to brighten up any outdoor space.
During the spring planting season, be prepared to increase your watering schedule as temperatures rise and the weather warms. This is especially important during the establishment period, when your dogwood is developing its root system. Once the tree becomes more settled, you can gradually reduce the frequency of watering. Finally, don’t forget the importance of well-draining soil when planting and nurturing your dogwood.
This will help prevent waterlogged conditions that can hinder root growth and overall health.
Caring Tips for Dogwood
For optimal growth, dogwood trees require well-draining soil with a pH ranging from neutral to alkaline. To enhance the soil’s water retention and drainage capabilities, incorporate well-rotted compost into the earth. This amendment not only improves the soil’s water-holding properties but also provides an added boost of essential nutrients. By doing so, you’ll create a more conducive environment for your dogwood tree to thrive.
Proper watering is crucial in the early stages of growth, with established trees requiring less frequent irrigation during dry spells. Before watering, always check the soil moisture by inserting your finger into the earth. If the top few inches feel moist but not soggy, it’s likely sufficient. Conversely, if the leaves begin to wilt, it may indicate overwatering. As a general rule of thumb, wait until the top layer dries out before reapplying water.
To further support moisture retention, add a generous layer of organic mulch around the tree. This will not only retain moisture but also help suppress weeds and regulate soil temperature. When it comes to fertilization, dogwood trees respond well to mild, balanced applications in the spring and summer. As an added measure, consider conducting annual soil tests to identify any potential nutrient deficiencies and make informed adjustments accordingly.
Pruning Techniques
When it comes to dogwood maintenance, pruning is crucial to keep the plant in check. As these trees can grow quite tall and wide, regular trimming is necessary to maintain their size. The ideal time for pruning is during late fall or late winter when the dogwood is dormant. This allows you to safely trim away any unwanted growth without harming the tree. If you’re not feeling confident in your pruning abilities, consider hiring a local tree trimming service to do the job.
Dogwoods are particular about their pruning and don’t respond well to excessive cutting. Instead, start by removing any dead, diseased, crossing, or deformed branches that may be detracting from the plant’s overall appearance. Next, focus on smaller branches to shape the dogwood into a pleasing form. By doing so, you’ll not only enhance its aesthetic appeal but also promote healthy growth and development.
Common Pests and Diseases
Growing dogwood trees requires being mindful of the potential risks posed by pests and diseases. Although it’s impossible to predict with certainty when these issues will arise, it’s essential to be prepared for any eventuality. This knowledge will enable you to take prompt action should a problem occur, ensuring your tree remains healthy and thrives.
Anthracnose
Dogwood anthracnose is a pervasive fungal infection that can decimate dogwood plants. The initial signs of the disease are discolored leaves and diminutive branches, which may be easily overlooked in its early stages. However, if left untreated, the condition will inevitably spread to the entire plant, rendering it severely compromised. To effectively manage this insidious disease, consult our comprehensive guide for expert advice.
Powdery Mildew
Powdery mildew, a pervasive affliction that affects plants by coating their leaves and branches with white, powdery fungal spores, is another widespread disease. To provide clarity on this issue, our comprehensive guide to powdery mildew is designed to educate and empower you.
Dogwood Borer
The dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) is a moth whose larvae pose a significant threat to the health of certain plants by burrowing into the cambium layer, disrupting the flow of nutrients and water. If left unchecked, this pest can cause irreparable damage, ultimately leading to the death of affected branches or even the entire tree. To combat this issue, it’s essential to remove any infested branches and encourage natural predators such as birds and parasitic wasps to take action.
In most cases, insecticides are ineffective in controlling dogwood borer populations.
Scale
While scale insects may seem insignificant due to their small size, they can have a significant impact on the overall well-being of your dogwood plants. One of the most telling signs of an infestation is the presence of honeydew and sooty mold, which can appear as a sticky substance or unsightly black coating respectively.
If you notice these telltale symptoms in your plant, consider consulting our comprehensive guide for expert advice on how to effectively address this issue and restore your dogwood’s health.
How to Use Dogwood Fruits and Leaves
For a sweet and indulgent treat, look beyond traditional fruits like strawberries or raspberries and try harvesting your own dogwood berries. With numerous species to choose from, you can find one that suits your taste buds. The Japanese dogwood, in particular, offers a unique advantage – its fruits have been known to boost the immune system and alleviate symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases. While other species may not be as flavorful, they are still technically edible.
When it comes to enjoying your harvest, there’s no shortage of options. You can enjoy raw berries as a snack, blend them into a jam or jelly, brew leaves into a tea, or even make wine with the berries. And if you’re feeling adventurous, why not try making dogwood frozen yogurt?
With just a few simple ingredients – including 1 cup of dogwood berries, 4 teaspoons of sugar, ½ cup of milk or yogurt, lemon zest, and chopped mint leaves for garnish – you can create a treat that’s as delicious as it is unique. Simply cook the berries with sugar until they’re soft and combined, then add lemon zest and freeze the mixture for 1-2 hours. Once it’s set, top it off with fresh berries and some chopped mint leaves for a truly special dessert.
